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Wednesday, May 13, 2009
Textiles Industry
Textiles, generic term (from Latin texere, “to weave”) originally applied to woven fabrics, but now also applied to natural and synthetic filaments, yarns, and threads as well as to the woven, knitted, felted, tufted, braided, bonded, knotted, and embroidered fabrics made from them; and to nonwoven fabrics produced by mechanically or chemically bonding fibers.
Tobacco Industry
Tobacco, plant grown commercially for its leaves and stems, which are rolled into cigars, shredded for use in cigarettes and pipes, processed for chewing, or ground into snuff, a fine powder that is inhaled through the nose. Tobacco is the source of nicotine, an addictive drug that is also the basis for many insecticides
Approximately 7 million tons of commercial tobacco are grown each year, with a value of $39 billion. Leading tobacco-growing countries are China, the United States, India, Brazil, Turkey, and Zimbabwe.
Tobacco is an economically important crop for many nations—about 2 million tons of unmanufactured tobacco leaf, at a value of about $6,500 per ton, are exported each year worldwide.
Brazil leads in exports, with about 15 percent of the total, followed closely by the United States, with about 11 percent of the total. The United States exports the most cigarettes and other manufactured tobacco products.
Of the approximately 635 billion cigarettes made in the United States in 1999, about one-fourth were exported.
Approximately 7 million tons of commercial tobacco are grown each year, with a value of $39 billion. Leading tobacco-growing countries are China, the United States, India, Brazil, Turkey, and Zimbabwe.
Tobacco is an economically important crop for many nations—about 2 million tons of unmanufactured tobacco leaf, at a value of about $6,500 per ton, are exported each year worldwide.
Brazil leads in exports, with about 15 percent of the total, followed closely by the United States, with about 11 percent of the total. The United States exports the most cigarettes and other manufactured tobacco products.
Of the approximately 635 billion cigarettes made in the United States in 1999, about one-fourth were exported.
Forest Industry
Forest Industry, industry that supplies wood, paper, chemicals, energy, and other products from trees. The forest industry includes the lumber industry, which encompasses the various businesses that convert trees, or timber, into lumber products.
People use products of the forest industry in numerous aspects of their lives. Lumber and plywood are used to construct many homes and business facilities, which are furnished with tables, chairs, desks, and other furniture made from wood. Paper is used for newspapers, magazines, and books. Wood utility poles often support the wires that deliver electric and telephone service.
Commerce is dependent on wood containers and pallets, as well as paperboard packaging. The chemical industry uses wood as a base product for making turpentine, rayon, food flavorings, and cellophane tape. In many countries, people depend on wood for heating and cooking fuel.
People use products of the forest industry in numerous aspects of their lives. Lumber and plywood are used to construct many homes and business facilities, which are furnished with tables, chairs, desks, and other furniture made from wood. Paper is used for newspapers, magazines, and books. Wood utility poles often support the wires that deliver electric and telephone service.
Commerce is dependent on wood containers and pallets, as well as paperboard packaging. The chemical industry uses wood as a base product for making turpentine, rayon, food flavorings, and cellophane tape. In many countries, people depend on wood for heating and cooking fuel.
Telephone Industry
Telephone, instrument that sends and receives voice messages and data. Telephones convert speech and data to electrical energy, which is sent great distances. All telephones are linked by complex switching systems called central offices or exchanges, which establish the pathway for information to travel.
Telephones are used for casual conversations, to conduct business, and to summon help in an emergency (as in the 911 service in the United States). The telephone has other uses that do not involve one person talking to another, including paying bills (the caller uses the telephone to communicate with a bank’s distant computer) and retrieving messages from an answering machine. In 2001 there were 667 main telephone lines per 1,000 people in the United States and 676 main telephone lines per 1,000 people in Canada.
About half of the information passing through telephone lines occurs entirely between special-purpose telephones, such as computers with modems. A modem converts the digital bits of a computer’s output to an audio tone, which is then converted to an electrical signal and passed over telephone lines to be decoded by a modem attached to a computer at the receiving end. Another special-purpose telephone is a facsimile machine, or fax machine, which produces a duplicate of a document at a distant point.
In the late 1800s, the Bell Telephone Company (established in 1877 by Alexander Graham Bell and financial backers Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a lawyer, and Thomas Sanders, a leather merchant) strongly defended its patents in order to exclude others from the telephone business. After these patents expired in 1893 and 1894, independent telephone companies were started in many cities and most small towns.
A period of consolidation followed in the early 1900s, and eventually about 80 percent of the customers in the United States and many of those in Canada were served by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), which had bought the Bell Telephone Company in 1900. AT&T sold off its Canadian interests in 1908.
Telephones are used for casual conversations, to conduct business, and to summon help in an emergency (as in the 911 service in the United States). The telephone has other uses that do not involve one person talking to another, including paying bills (the caller uses the telephone to communicate with a bank’s distant computer) and retrieving messages from an answering machine. In 2001 there were 667 main telephone lines per 1,000 people in the United States and 676 main telephone lines per 1,000 people in Canada.
About half of the information passing through telephone lines occurs entirely between special-purpose telephones, such as computers with modems. A modem converts the digital bits of a computer’s output to an audio tone, which is then converted to an electrical signal and passed over telephone lines to be decoded by a modem attached to a computer at the receiving end. Another special-purpose telephone is a facsimile machine, or fax machine, which produces a duplicate of a document at a distant point.
In the late 1800s, the Bell Telephone Company (established in 1877 by Alexander Graham Bell and financial backers Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a lawyer, and Thomas Sanders, a leather merchant) strongly defended its patents in order to exclude others from the telephone business. After these patents expired in 1893 and 1894, independent telephone companies were started in many cities and most small towns.
A period of consolidation followed in the early 1900s, and eventually about 80 percent of the customers in the United States and many of those in Canada were served by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), which had bought the Bell Telephone Company in 1900. AT&T sold off its Canadian interests in 1908.
Shipping Industry
Shipping Industry, the industry devoted to moving goods or passengers by water. Passenger operations have been a major component of shipping, but air travel has seriously limited this aspect of the industry.
The enormous increase, however, in certain kinds of cargo, for example, petroleum, has more than made up for the loss of passenger traffic. Although raw materials such as mineral ores, coal, lumber, grain, and other foodstuffs supply a vast and still growing volume of cargo, the transportation of manufactured goods has increased rapidly since World War II.
The enormous increase, however, in certain kinds of cargo, for example, petroleum, has more than made up for the loss of passenger traffic. Although raw materials such as mineral ores, coal, lumber, grain, and other foodstuffs supply a vast and still growing volume of cargo, the transportation of manufactured goods has increased rapidly since World War II.
Railroads Industry
Railroads, roads on which trains of freight and passenger cars, drawn by locomotives, travel on tracks formed by pairs of parallel metal rails.
The term railroad is often extended to include the rolling stock, or cars and locomotives, and the land, buildings, and equipment owned or operated in conjunction with the railroad lines.
The terms railroad and railway are interchangeable in the United States.
The term railroad is often extended to include the rolling stock, or cars and locomotives, and the land, buildings, and equipment owned or operated in conjunction with the railroad lines.
The terms railroad and railway are interchangeable in the United States.
Pornography Industry
Pornography, films, magazines, writings, photographs, or other materials that are sexually explicit and intended to arouse sexual excitement in their audience. Deriving from the Greek words pornē (“prostitute”) and graphein (“to write”), the word pornography originally referred to any work of art or literature dealing with sex and sexual themes.
Pornography is one of the most controversial forms of expression. Societies have long debated whether pornographic works should be subject to censorship, and the question of how to distinguish between artistic works and pornography has perplexed governments ever since they began to take freedom of expression seriously.
In addition, the social consequences of pornography have become the subject of intense debate.
Pornography is one of the most controversial forms of expression. Societies have long debated whether pornographic works should be subject to censorship, and the question of how to distinguish between artistic works and pornography has perplexed governments ever since they began to take freedom of expression seriously.
In addition, the social consequences of pornography have become the subject of intense debate.
Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical Industry, medicinal drugs used for the prevention and control of disease. The civilizations of ancient India, China and the Mediterranean and Middle East discovered and employed numerous medicinal plants and minerals—including some, such as ipecac, that remain in use today.
The study of drugs emerged as the distinct profession of pharmacy in 8th century Baghdad, and the first pharmacies in Europe appeared around 1180 in Montpellier, France. The profession's beginnings in the U.S. date from the American Revolution, but the United States mainly remained dependent on European drug sources until World War I, when the cutoff of the European supply stimulated American production.
In the 20th century, the thousands of new drugs placed in the hands of physicians through research and development have wrought a virtual revolution in medical practice.
The study of drugs emerged as the distinct profession of pharmacy in 8th century Baghdad, and the first pharmacies in Europe appeared around 1180 in Montpellier, France. The profession's beginnings in the U.S. date from the American Revolution, but the United States mainly remained dependent on European drug sources until World War I, when the cutoff of the European supply stimulated American production.
In the 20th century, the thousands of new drugs placed in the hands of physicians through research and development have wrought a virtual revolution in medical practice.
Petroleum Industry
Petroleum, or crude oil, naturally occurring oily, bituminous liquid composed of various organic chemicals. It is found in large quantities below the surface of Earth and is used as a fuel and as a raw material in the chemical industry.
Modern industrial societies use it primarily to achieve a degree of mobility—on land, at sea, and in the air—that was barely imaginable less than 100 years ago.
In addition, petroleum and its derivatives are used in the manufacture of medicines and fertilizers, foodstuffs, plastics, building materials, paints, and cloth and to generate electricity.
Modern industrial societies use it primarily to achieve a degree of mobility—on land, at sea, and in the air—that was barely imaginable less than 100 years ago.
In addition, petroleum and its derivatives are used in the manufacture of medicines and fertilizers, foodstuffs, plastics, building materials, paints, and cloth and to generate electricity.
Lumber Industry
Lumber Industry, production and harvesting of trees for varied uses, as in the fabrication of telegraph poles and railroad ties, and in building construction, shipbuilding, and furniture manufacture.
The lumber industry includes the various businesses that convert trees, or timber, into lumber products. Other industries convert timber into pulp and paper, chemicals, or fuelwood.
The lumber industry includes the various businesses that convert trees, or timber, into lumber products. Other industries convert timber into pulp and paper, chemicals, or fuelwood.
Mining Industry
Mining, in its broadest sense, the process of obtaining useful minerals from the earth’s crust. The process includes excavations in underground mines and surface excavations in open-pit, or opencut (strip) mines.
In addition, recent technological developments may soon make economically feasible the mining of metallic ores from the seafloor.
Mining normally means an operation that involves the physical removal of rock and earth. A number of substances, notably natural gas, petroleum, and some sulfur, are produced by methods (primarily drilling) that are not classified as mining.
In addition, recent technological developments may soon make economically feasible the mining of metallic ores from the seafloor.
Mining normally means an operation that involves the physical removal of rock and earth. A number of substances, notably natural gas, petroleum, and some sulfur, are produced by methods (primarily drilling) that are not classified as mining.
Meat-Packing Industry
Meat-Packing Industry, large industry involving the slaughtering, processing, and distribution of cattle, sheep, and hogs. It is one of the most important industries in the U.S. and has its primary concentration in the Middle West.
The packing industry has tended to decentralize in recent years, and slaughtered livestock are now generally moved directly from farms, ranches, and feedlots to meat-packers.
The cattle-slaughtering sector of the industry, in particular, has become concentrated in cattle-raising regions to the west—namely the western Corn Belt and the Great Plains, where beef is shipped to wholesalers and retailers primarily in the form of fresh primal cuts.
Hog slaughtering is still carried on chiefly in large plants, where the hogs are processed into numerous cuts and products.
In accordance with the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act of 1978, all livestock are now made insensible before they are killed. For cattle and sheep, a captive bolt, a type of gun designed for stunning, is generally used. Hogs often are immobilized painlessly through gassing.
Many parts of the slaughtered animals are shipped for consumption as fresh meat; other parts, especially of the hog, are cured and smoked. The fatty portions are converted into lard and commercial grease by rendering processes.
Bones are converted into glue, fertilizer, animal feeds, and other usable products, including pharmaceuticals; hoofs and horns are used or sold for other purposes.
The packing industry has tended to decentralize in recent years, and slaughtered livestock are now generally moved directly from farms, ranches, and feedlots to meat-packers.
The cattle-slaughtering sector of the industry, in particular, has become concentrated in cattle-raising regions to the west—namely the western Corn Belt and the Great Plains, where beef is shipped to wholesalers and retailers primarily in the form of fresh primal cuts.
Hog slaughtering is still carried on chiefly in large plants, where the hogs are processed into numerous cuts and products.
In accordance with the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act of 1978, all livestock are now made insensible before they are killed. For cattle and sheep, a captive bolt, a type of gun designed for stunning, is generally used. Hogs often are immobilized painlessly through gassing.
Many parts of the slaughtered animals are shipped for consumption as fresh meat; other parts, especially of the hog, are cured and smoked. The fatty portions are converted into lard and commercial grease by rendering processes.
Bones are converted into glue, fertilizer, animal feeds, and other usable products, including pharmaceuticals; hoofs and horns are used or sold for other purposes.
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